Child Language Acquisition: A Comprehensive Scientific Review

Abstract

Child language acquisition is one of the most complex and fascinating areas of linguistics. In a remarkably short period, children master phonological, lexical, grammatical, and pragmatic systems with an efficiency unmatched by adult learners. This article reviews major theoretical frameworks, describes developmental stages, examines cognitive and social factors, and highlights neurobiological foundations of early language learning. Integrating insights from linguistics, psychology, and neuroscience, the paper argues that language acquisition results from an interaction between innate predispositions and experience-driven learning mechanisms. Implications for bilingual development, language disorders, and pedagogical practices are also discussed.