COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF BURN INJURIES: CLASSIFICATION, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

Abstract

Burn injuries are a major global health problem causing significant morbidity, mortality, and long-term complications. They occur due to thermal, electrical, or chemical causes, with thermal burns being the most common, especially in domestic settings and among children.The pathophysiology involves both local tissue damage and systemic inflammatory responses. Heat or other agents cause protein denaturation, cellular destruction, and release of inflammatory mediators, leading to edema, fluid loss, hypovolemia, and in severe cases, burn shock and organ failure. Loss of skin integrity increases the risk of infection and sepsis.Burns are classified based on depth into superficial, partial-thickness, and full-thickness burns, and severity is assessed using tools like the Rule of Nines and ABSI. Effective management requires early intervention, including cooling, fluid resuscitation, wound care, infection control, and pain management. Advanced treatments include antimicrobial agents, specialized dressings, and surgical procedures such as debridement and skin grafting. A multidisciplinary approach, along with rehabilitation and psychosocial support, is essential for optimal recovery. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial to reduce complications and improve patient outcomes [1].