ULTRASOUND DIAGNOSTICS OF THYROID PATHOLOGIES: INFLAMMATION, PRECANCEROUS PROCESSES AND CANCER

Abstract

this scientific and analytical work systematizes the clinical applications of ultrasound diagnostics for various thyroid diseases. Diffuse and focal changes, echogenicity variations, nodular and cystic lesions, inflammatory changes, and neoplastic processes in this organ are covered in detail. It is emphasized that ultrasound examination occupies a leading place both in the initial diagnosis and as part of a comprehensive patient examination. The article presents a detailed and comprehensive review of modern ultrasound diagnostic methods using various modes: B-mode only, Doppler techniques, microangiographic technologies, elastography, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, and digital analysis algorithms using artificial intelligence, as well as their features and informative value in the differential and early diagnosis of thyroid pathological conditions. Current recommendations for ultrasound diagnostic specialists in accordance with the TI-RADS standard are presented. The article presents clinical protocols for the diagnosis and treatment of various thyroid pathologies, and also describes in detail current international practices and trends in the field of oncological surveillance and early diagnosis of thyroid cancer using ultrasound examination.