THE IMPACT OF DIGITALIZATION ON THE INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS OF KAZAKHSTAN’S ECONOMY

Abstract

This article examines the impact of digitalization on the international competitiveness of Kazakhstan’s economy. The adoption of digital technologies (ICT infrastructure, e-government, electronic commerce) significantly increases productivity, fosters innovation, and improves the business climate. Kazakhstan has made moderate progress: it ranks 55th in the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI 2019) and 25th in Doing Business 2020, reflecting gains in online services and regulatory efficiency. However, its innovation ranking (GII 2023: 81st) and very low R&D intensity (≈0.14% of GDP in 2023) indicate a persistent technological gap. GDP per capita (PPP) grew from $22,484 in 2015 to $38,515 in 2023, showing economic growth but insufficient innovation