European Research Materials

Парадокс общественных работ и их декларативность в рамках административно-деликтного права

Вилис Алиби Жанкелдіұлы — 2025-07-28

В данной научно-исследовательской статье рассматривается парадокс применения административного взыскания в виде общественных работ, а также декларативность соответствующих норм в рамках административно-деликтного права. Наличие парадоксальных и декларативных положений в нормативно-правовых актах представляются прямым следствием отсутствия у компетентных государственных органов консолидированной, системно выверенной позиции в отношении концепции воспитательного воздействия в рамках законодательства «Об административных правонарушениях». Следует отметить, что в современном обществе имеет место быть проявление эффекта Рингельмана при котором у членов асоциальной группы наблюдается «сниженная личная продуктивность» при увеличении ее численности, которая в свою очередь является краеугольным камнем в практике применения общественных работ. Законодатель Республики Казахстан устанавливает элемент согласия правонарушителя на применение общественных работ в отношении него в рамках законодательства «Об административных правонарушениях», но в большинстве случаев данный элемент не будет предоставляться лицом, совершившим административное правонарушение ввиду чего данный инструмент станет декларативным.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF STUDIES ON THE INFLUENCE OF PRESSURE GROUPS ON POLITICAL DECISIONS

Kusherov N. Zh. — 2025-07-28

This study presents a comprehensive bibliographical and bibliometric analysis of scholarly literature on the influence of pressure groups on political decision-making. Drawing on a dataset of 112 peer-reviewed articles indexed in Scopus between 2005 and 2024, the research maps the intellectual structure of the field, identifies dominant theoretical frameworks, leading contributors, thematic clusters, and geographic trends. The analysis reveals five major conceptual domains: democratic advocacy, institutional governance, sector-specific lobbying, transnational influence, and participatory policy management. While the United Kingdom and the United States emerge as the most prolific contributors, the findings highlight the significant underrepresentation of post-Soviet and Global South contexts, including Kazakhstan. Using VOSviewer, the study visualizes co-occurrence networks to uncover latent patterns and epistemological gaps within the literature. The results highlight the conceptual fragmentation and regional imbalance in the study of pressure groups, underscoring the need for more inclusive, context-sensitive, and comparative approaches in future research. This work contributes to both theoretical advancement and policy relevance by providing a systematic overview that supports scholarly inquiry and institutional reflection in diverse political settings

Билік әлеуметтік көмек қатынастарының субъектісі ретінде

Несипкалиев Даурен — 2025-07-28

Бұл мақалада билік феномені әлеуметтік көмек қатынастарының маңызды субъектісі ретінде қарастырылады. Әлеуметтік философиялық тұрғыда биліктің қоғамдағы әлсіз топтарды қолдау, ресурстарды бөлу және әлеуметтік әділеттілікті қамтамасыз ету ретіндегі рөлі талданады. Автор билік пен әлеуметтік жауапкершілік арасындағы байланысты аша отырып, мемлекет пен қоғам институттарының әлеуметтік көмек көрсету ісіндегі ықпалын саралайды. Сонымен қатар, заманауи жаһандану жағдайында билік құрылымдарының әлеуметтік саясаттағы тиімділігі мен этикалық аспектілері де қарастырылады. Бұл мақала ТДМ (ЦУР) шеңберінде жарияланды. Мақсат-10 "Теңдікті әлем"

БИЛІКТІҢ ЖАҺАНДАНУ ЖАҒДАЙЫНДАҒЫ САНАТЫ: ӘЛЕУМЕТТІК-ФИЛОСОФИЯЛЫҚ ТАЛДАУ

Мәлік Ғалым — 2025-07-28

Бұл мақалада билік феномені жаһандану жағдайындағы негізгі әлеуметтік-философиялық категория ретінде қарастырылады. Жаһандық процестердің әсерінен билік нысандарының, құрылымдарының және механизмдерінің өзгерістері, сондай-ақ мемлекеттердің, мәдениеттердің және экономикалардың өзара тәуелділігінің артуы контекстінде билік туралы дәстүрлі идеяларды қайта қарастыру талданады. Жергілікті және жаһандық ықпал ету орталықтарының арақатынасына, сондай-ақ биліктің субъектісі мен объектісінің өзгеруіне ерекше назар аударылады. Қазіргі биліктің табиғаты, оның заңдылығы мен жаһандық қоғамдық тәртіпті қалыптастырудағы рөлі туралы философиялық ой толғау қажеттілігі туралы қорытынды жасалады.

Implementing Digital HR Analytics in Azerbaijani Sports Federations: A New Approach to Talent Management and Performance Optimization

Mahammad Azizi-Meshkin — 2025-07-28

Digital Human Resource (HR) analytics is reshaping sports management by enabling data-driven decision-making in areas such as talent development, performance tracking, and retention strategies. In the context of Azerbaijani sports federations, the adoption of digital HR analytics offers a pathway to modernize existing human capital practices and align them with international best standards. This study adopts a qualitative methodology, drawing insights from interviews with federation officials and an analysis of key strategic documents.

The research identifies critical gaps in current HR systems, including limited data infrastructure, lack of analytical expertise, and traditional mindsets resistant to change. Despite these challenges, several opportunities emerge. Digitizing HR practices can provide federations with real-time insights into athlete performance, coaching effectiveness, and recruitment pipelines. Furthermore, it can enhance transparency, foster accountability, and support evidence-based policymaking.

The study proposes a phased roadmap for implementation, beginning with awareness-building and capacity development, followed by pilot testing of analytics tools, and finally, scaling successful models across federations. A strong emphasis is placed on collaboration with international partners and leveraging government support for digital transformation.

Ultimately, the findings suggest that the integration of digital HR analytics can yield substantial benefits for Azerbaijani sports, contributing to long-term performance improvements and more efficient talent management. However, success will depend on addressing infrastructural deficiencies, cultivating technical know-how, and fostering a data-driven culture within sports organizations.

Database management in cloud computing

Elza Bitsadze — 2025-07-28

Cloud computing has revolutionized the way organizations manage, store, and access data by offering on-demand, scalable computing resources. At the core of this transformation lies cloud-based database management — a fundamental element in modern IT ecosystems that enables businesses to dynamically scale data operations, reduce infrastructure costs, and improve operational agility.

This paper provides an in-depth analysis of cloud database types, including relational (SQL-based) and non-relational (NoSQL) systems, as well as emerging hybrid architectures. It discusses their architectural frameworks, focusing on distributed storage, horizontal scalability, and multi-tenant deployment models. These structural differences introduce unique challenges in data consistency, latency, and availability, especially in multi-cloud or geographically distributed systems.

Security remains a paramount concern in cloud-based database management. The paper examines end-to-end data protection mechanisms including encryption (at rest and in transit), identity and access management (IAM), zero-trust security models, and compliance with regulatory standards like GDPR and HIPAA. Advanced monitoring and auditing tools are also explored as essential components of real-time threat detection and risk mitigation.

Automation is another critical factor, driving efficiency in tasks such as provisioning, backup scheduling, indexing, and performance tuning. The integration of AI and machine learning into database administration (DBA) processes is accelerating intelligent automation, enabling predictive analytics for load balancing and query optimization.

Finally, the study outlines best practices for managing cloud-based databases efficiently, including elastic scaling, redundancy configurations, service-level agreement (SLA) planning, and cost optimization strategies. It concludes that successful cloud database management requires a balanced integration of technological capabilities, security protocols, and strategic governance models.

MICROWAVE SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND TESTING OF ACUTE TOXICITY OF BORON NITRIDE NANOPARTICLES BY MONITORING OF BEHAVIORAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS

Archil Chirakadze — 2025-07-28

Research presents a comprehensive study on the synthesis, physicochemical characterization, and toxicological evaluation of boron nitride (BN) nanoparticles synthesized via a novel low-temperature microwave-assisted route, along with a systematic investigation into their acute toxicity in warm-blooded mammals and avian embryos using advanced behavioral and physiological monitoring systems. The study addresses critical gaps in current nanomaterial research, particularly concerning the eco-friendly and cost-effective production of high-purity hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanoparticles and their biocompatibility when considered for biomedical applications such as boron-neutron and boron-proton capture therapy, targeted hyperthermia, and drug delivery systems. Traditional methods for synthesizing h-BN commonly rely on high-temperature carbothermic reduction techniques involving the reduction and nitridation of boric oxide and related salts at temperatures exceeding 1500 °C. These approaches pose significant challenges, including high energy demands, environmental pollution due to carbon emissions, the use of toxic and expensive reagents such as boron tribromide (BBr₃), and limitations in nanoparticle size control and phase purity. The method developed in this study circumvents these limitations through a simple two-step process involving the reaction of boron trifluoride (BF₃) and ammonia (NH₃) at a significantly lower temperature of 150 °C, followed by thermal decomposition and purification. The resultant product comprises nano-sized particles of hexagonal boron nitride with structural features indicative of turbostratic disorder due to the low synthesis temperature, but still maintaining desirable physicochemical properties. Structural analysis via X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of h-BN, with characteristic peaks corresponding to hexagonal symmetry and no observable impurity phases. The broadening and slight shift in the (002) peak of the XRD pattern toward lower angles point to an increased interlayer spacing and lattice expansion, which is characteristic of nanocrystalline materials and turbostratic boron nitride (t-BN). The Scherrer equation estimated the average crystallite size along the c-axis to be approximately 3 nm, suggesting the formation of ultrathin h-BN nanosheets. Raman spectroscopy provided further confirmation of the nanocrystalline structure and purity of the synthesized h-BN. The Raman spectra exhibited a strong E₂g mode at approximately 1373 cm⁻¹, upshifted from the bulk h-BN peak position, which is consistent with literature reports on nanocrystalline h-BN synthesized at higher temperatures. This upshift, along with the broadening of the Raman band, reflects size confinement effects and structural disorder inherent to low-temperature synthesis methods. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the morphology of the synthesized h-BN nanoparticles as predominantly flat platelets with a thickness less than 10 nm and lateral dimensions significantly larger, further affirming the formation of nanosheets. These nanosheets were dispersed on a gold-coated silicon substrate for enhanced imaging resolution. In addition to material characterization, the study placed significant emphasis on evaluating the biosafety of these nanomaterials. Toxicological assessments were carried out using two distinct yet complementary models: (1) non-lethal in vivo testing in warm-blooded mammals (Wistar rats) through behavioral and physiological monitoring and (2) embryo toxicity assays in avian models (Golden Wyandotte chick embryos) using ovoscopy and plethysmography. The in vivo rat experiments were conducted in strict compliance with the 4R principles (replace, reduce, refine, and responsibility), ensuring humane treatment of laboratory animals. Five different groups of rats received intramuscular injections of various boron-containing nanoparticles, including h-BN synthesized using BF₃ and NH₃, h-BN synthesized from boric acid, boron nitride nanotubes (BO-N-02-NT), BN-encapsulated copper nanoparticles, and a comparative group exposed to carbon nanotubes (C-E-015-NT), with additional control groups receiving iron oxide nanoparticles and saline. Toxicity was quantified using a complex toxicity index (CTI), a novel analytical metric integrating multiple physiological and behavioral parameters including maze navigation error rates, maze completion time, changes in blood pressure, body temperature, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity. This multidimensional approach provides a robust and sensitive measure of acute toxicity without resorting to lethal endpoints. The experimental results demonstrated that all BN-based nanoparticles exhibited significantly lower acute toxicity compared to carbon nanotubes, with differences in CTI becoming negligible between BN samples after 9 to 11 days and disappearing entirely by day 12. These findings highlight the relatively benign nature of BN nanoparticles, making them attractive candidates for biomedical applications. The highest toxicity was observed in rats exposed to carbon nanotubes, which demonstrated elevated CTI scores throughout the 15-day observation period. Conversely, BN-based particles, particularly those synthesized via the new low-temperature microwave-assisted method, showed comparatively mild and transient physiological disturbances. Additional tests involving whole-body hyperthermia at controlled temperatures of 40 °C and 43.5 °C further underscored the favorable toxicity profile of h-BN nanoparticles under stress-inducing conditions, reinforcing their safety margin for potential clinical applications such as hyperthermic cancer therapy. Notably, the use of advanced, non-invasive tools such as visual surveillance systems, pulse oximetry, non-contact thermometers, ROS analyzers, and blood pressure monitoring devices enhanced the reliability and reproducibility of data, allowing for real-time physiological tracking without undue stress to the animals. Parallel toxicity testing was performed using the chick embryo model, which is a widely accepted, ethical, and cost-effective alternative to mammalian testing. The combination of visible and green-light ovoscopy, along with plethysmographic monitoring of respiratory and heart rate signals, enabled comprehensive and continuous evaluation of embryonic development. Toxicity was calculated based on the survival rate of embryos in treated versus control groups using a standardized toxicity index. The experimental design allowed the researchers to visually and quantitatively assess developmental abnormalities, survival outcomes, and physiological disruptions induced by the tested nanomaterials. The consistency in toxicity outcomes between the rodent and chick embryo models validated the robustness and translatability of the employed methodology. Additionally, the study explored the potential application of the synthesized nanoparticles in proton and neutron capture therapies by evaluating the boron isotopic composition and considering the reactivity of the nanoparticles in fusion reactions. The unique combination of high neutron and proton capture cross-sections, bioavailability, and purity of the synthesized ¹⁰B and ¹¹B particles suggests that these nanomaterials could be utilized as cost-effective and safer alternatives in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) and proton boron fusion therapy, thus contributing to the development of new generations of radiopharmaceuticals. The researchers also proposed a new agarose-based phantom model to test the effectiveness of various nanoparticle-loaded layers under simulated thermal and proton beam conditions, showing encouraging preliminary results for targeted delivery and localized therapy. This study provides a compelling argument for the viability of a novel, environmentally sustainable, and cost-efficient method for synthesizing high-quality h-BN nanoparticles. The data indicate that these materials possess favorable structural properties, can be produced at scale using relatively simple and safe laboratory procedures, and exhibit a low toxicity profile in both mammalian and avian models. The synthesis route offers an attractive alternative to existing high-temperature, energy-intensive methods and supports the development of advanced nanomaterials for cancer therapy, diagnostic imaging, and future multi-modal clinical applications. The dual evaluation models used in this work not only reinforce the credibility of the findings but also establish a gold standard for future nanotoxicological research. The promising preclinical results justify further investigations into the in vitro and in vivo interactions of boron nitride-based nanoparticles with biological systems under varied pathological and physiological conditions, including their functionalization, biodistribution, immune response, clearance pathways, and long-term safety.

İNGİLİS DİLİNDƏ ŞEKSPİRSAYAĞI İFADƏLƏR VƏ İDİOMLAR

Əhmədova Qönçə Vidadi qızı — 2025-07-28

XVI əsrdə dramaturq kimi uğur qazanmaq istəyən şəxs yalnız yüksək təbəqəli və aşağı təbəqəli insanlara xitab edən əsərlər yazmaqla kifayətlənməməli, eyni zamanda çoxşaxəli mövzularda əsərlər ortaya qoymalı idi. Bu gün belə, tarix, siyasət, hüquq, müharibə, din və mədəniyyətlə yanaşı, yaşadığı cəmiyyət və ölkənin gündəlik həyatı haqqında da məlumatlı olmaq tələb olunur. Bu səbəbdən belə bir yazıçının söz ehtiyatının çox zəngin olması tamamilə məntiqlidir. Şekspirin bu qədər müxtəlif mövzularda əsərlər yazdığı nəzərə alınsa, onun da belə bir yazıçı olduğu qənaətinə gəlmək olar.

David Crystal bildirir ki, bu cür fərziyyələr bəzən insanlarda elə bir fikir yaradır ki, guya Şekspir İngilis dilindəki söz ehtiyatının dörddə birini, üçdə birini, hətta yarısını təkbaşına yaradıb (Crystal, 2008, s. 8). Halbuki bəzi müəlliflər fantastik aləmlər üçün öz dillərini tamamilə sıfırdan yaratsa da, bu, Şekspirə aid edilə bilməz. Çünki İngilis dili onun doğulmasından xeyli əvvəl mövcud idi və o, sadəcə dövrünün danışıq dilini – bu gün “Erkən Müasir İngilis dili” adlandırılan formanı istifadə etmişdi. Həmin dövrdə çoxlu sayda yeni sözlərin dilə daxil olması prosesi başlasa da, tək bir adamın bütöv bir dilin yarısını icad etməsi düşünülə bilməz.

The Classification of Metaphors and their widespread use in Speech

Sevinc Abdullayeva — 2025-07-28

Metaphors are one of the important structural elements of human thinking as an artistic tool. Especially in English, metaphors are widely used not only in poetry and fiction, but also in everyday speech, science, politics, economics, journalism and advertising. Metaphors play an important role in conveying complex ideas in a simple and understandable way. This article explains in detail the concept of metaphor, its types, functions and mechanisms of development in various English language texts.

IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF ENSURING QUALITY IN EDUCATION

Soltanaliyeva Sevinj — 2025-07-28

The quality factor in education is not limited only to the transfer and assimilation of knowledge, but is also considered as a multidimensional and dynamic system aimed at ensuring the intellectual, moral, social and professional development of a person and forming a personality in accordance with the requirements of society. The serious consideration of this factor in our country in recent years gives grounds to say that the issue is urgent. In this regard, in accordance with the goal set, the main directions and modern approaches to ensuring quality in education are analyzed in the scientific and pedagogical level. The process of modernization of education is shown to develop as a complex and integrated structure, linked to reforms, new content and teaching methods, monitoring and evaluation systems. The socio-cultural nature of education is explained in the context of its interaction with personality and culture. The scientific work shows that ensuring quality in education is directly related to the development of human capital, adaptation to new requirements of society formed on the basis of information and technology, integration into international standards and national strategies. Factors such as globalization, information economy and the Bologna process make the assessment and adaptation of education to international standards relevant. In addition, it also examines pedagogical, technological and humanistic factors affecting the quality of education. The article presents the principle of “accessibility-quality-efficiency”, considered important for the 21st century, functional literacy, a humanistic education model and the formation of a creative, free and cultural personality as the main goals. The steps taken within the framework of the Education Strategy of the Republic of Azerbaijan to improve the quality of education, participation in international research and mechanisms for assessing education are particularly emphasized. As a result of the conducted analyses, it is concluded that ensuring quality in education requires a strategic, sustainable and flexible approach not only to the transfer of knowledge, but also to the development of personality, instilling social values and the integration of future generations.

DIGITALIZATION OF MATHEMATICS EDUCATION: TEACHING METHODS BASED ON ONLINE PLATFORMS AND TOOLS IN SCHOOLS

Orazalieva L.T. — 2025-07-28

In the context of rapid digital transformation in education, there is a growing need to rethink approaches to teaching mathematics in schools. This study aims to explore the pedagogical potential of digital platforms and online tools used in the mathematics instruction process. Based on a bibliographic analysis of publications from the international Scopus database and an empirical survey of 49 mathematics teachers from general education schools in Almaty, the study examines key effects of digitalization—such as increased student motivation, enhanced visual representation, the possibility of automated assessment, individualized assignments, and the reduction of math anxiety. The findings show that most educators recognize the effectiveness of digital tools, especially in terms of interactivity, student engagement, and real-time feedback. At the same time, significant disparities are noted in the level of teachers’ digital preparedness, access to technology, and proficiency in using specific platforms. The article also examines the role of digital storytelling and cultural factors in shaping positive attitudes toward mathematics, particularly in the comparative context of Asian countries. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of how school mathematics education can adapt to the realities of the digital age.

LE FRANÇAIS EN TANT QUE DEUXIÈME LANGUE ÉTRANGÈRE DANS UN ENVIRONNEMENT PLURILINGUE: APPROCHE DIDACTIQUE ET MÉTHODOLOGIQUE

Raigul Bissenbiyeva — 2025-07-28

Cet article aborde la problématique de l’apprentissage et de l’enseignement du français en tant que deuxième langue étrangère, en tenant compte des langues déjà maîtrisées par les étudiants. Nous montrons que la connaissance d'autres langues ainsi que le transfert des expériences antérieures dans l’apprentissage linguistique facilitent l’acquisition d’une nouvelle langue étrangère, notamment dans les contextes où le français est enseigné comme deuxième langue étrangère

Integrated framework for ESG risk management and carbon footprint quantification in mining technological processes

Rakhmanberdiev Azamat Gazizuly — 2025-07-28

This paper proposes an integrated framework for managing ESG risks and quantifying the carbon footprint of key technological processes in mining operations. By combining Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) principles with carbon accounting standards (ISO 14064‑1), the model enables systematic identification, assessment, and mitigation of environmental, social, and governance risks. A Systems Engineering approach—leveraging Quality Function Deployment (QFD)—aligns stakeholder values with capital decision criteria and embeds carbon‑reduction objectives at the design stage. The framework was validated via case studies of open‑pit operations in Latin America, demonstrating up to 21 % reduction in CO₂ intensity and 24 % lower ESG risk exposure within 36 months. Key modules include an ESG Risk Identification engine, a Carbon Accounting suite, a QFD‑based Decision Support System, Stakeholder Engagement mechanisms, and Continuous Improvement loops. The proposed model contributes a replicable architecture for decarbonization and resilience in resource‑intensive industries

The Importance of Dental Business Marketing in the International Market

Tamar Orjonikidze — 2025-07-28

The dental business is one of the priority sectors in the global market, driven on one hand by the specificity of the field and on the other by the relevance of healthcare. The prevalence of oral diseases is considered one of the global challenges in the world health system. Currently, dentistry faces a critical problem of access to dental services, which is particularly acute in economically developing countries, especially among their low-income populations. It should be noted that the issue of access to dental services is also observed, with varying intensity, in economically developed countries. An effective method to solve this problem is considered to be the development and implementation of efficient marketing strategies, which we analyze in this paper.

Administration numérique à Madagascar : quel avenir pour les agents de l’État ? Enjeux

RABEMAHERY Vazo Tina A N — 2025-07-28

This article analyzes the digital transformation of the Malagasy public administration, focusing on its effects on human resources management. Based on a documentary analysis of institutional sources and academic literature, it shows that the deployment of digital platforms such as SAFI and AUGURE reflects more than just a technological shift—it marks a structural reconfiguration of public management. The study highlights how this transition redefines administrative procedures, demands new skill sets, and challenges the traditional organization of the civil service. While digital tools enhance transparency and efficiency, their success largely depends on the capacity of the State to invest in the upskilling of public agents, ensure inclusive governance, and establish a robust legal framework. The article argues that digitalization is not a substitute for public servants but a lever to modernize their roles. However, without proactive adaptation strategies and institutional support, it risks generating new forms of inequality and resistance. This exploratory work lays the groundwork for future empirical research on the socioprofessional impacts of digital reforms in African public sectors.

Lancement du dispositif EDUCFI de la Banque de France au LIFT : approches pédagogiques et leviers d’action

Hasimbola Anita, RAKOTOZAFY — 2025-07-28

This research analyzes the implementation of the EDUCFI program (economic, budgetary, and financial education) by the Banque de France in the 8th-grade classes at the Lycée International Français de Tuléar (LIFT). The objective is to equip students with the skills to manage their personal finances (pocket money and snacks) and make informed economic decisions, as future financially responsible citizens.

Our work begins with a historical overview of financial education – starting in the 17th century in the Kingdom of France through princely education (Félix J., 2011) and gradually developing across the world – highlighting its rise in global education systems.

An in-depth literature review is conducted along two lines : (i) theoretical, covering theories of human capital (Becker G., 1964), rational choice (Simon H., 1955), financial behavior (Kahneman D. & Tversky A., 1979), financial inclusion (Honohan P., 2008), and financial risk management (Merton R. C., 1993) ; (ii) empirical, exploring the impact of financial education on over-indebtedness (Lusardi A. & Tufano P., 2009), poverty (Hastings J. et al., 2013), economic decision-making (Hilgert M. A. et al., 2003), and the links between public policy and financial education (Jappelli T. & Padula M., 2013), with case studies in both developed and developing countries.

A longitudinal study was conducted with 39 students (via written tests using a 20-questions quiz designed by the Banque de France) to test the program. The results from the first phase (before the EDUCFI training) show an average score of 52.31% in financial education, indicating that students already possess a solid foundational knowledge – largely thanks to parental education, available learning resources, and internet access. This score increased to 60.57% in the second phase (after the training), showing a clear improvement.

To determine whether this improvement is statistically significant and not due to chance, a repeated-measures ANOVA analysis was conducted using Jamovi 2.6.44. The results show p<.001, a highly significant value, allowing for the rejection of the null hypothesis (H0: there is no difference between the scores before and after). Thus, the probability that the differences are due to chance is less than 0.1%. The results suggest that the score progression is statistically very reliable, with a measurable impact from the training.

Two research hypotheses are confirmed : the training improves students’ understanding of financial concepts, and interactive teaching strategies foster the acquisition of financial management skills. A pedagogical need emerges : should financial education be established as a subject starting in 8th grade? The article proposes that the Malagasy government integrate financial education into the national curriculum to better prepare young people for future economic challenges through a proactive educational policy. Financial education proves to be essential in combating poverty and over-indebtedness in Madagascar.

Ajustement du compte courant et croissance économique

RANDRIAMITANTSOA Jean Théodul Bien Aimé — 2025-07-28

The current account adjustment is a crucial economic indicator for maintaining a country's external balance. It is one of the essential factors for achieving economic growth according to contemporary economic literature. The objective of this article titled "Current Account Adjustment and Economic Growth" is to demonstrate whether the adjustment of the current account has a significant impact on stimulating growth in Madagascar. The choice of this theme stems from the fact that, referring to the balance of our country's current account operations, it has been structurally deficit for years, raising the question of how to restore Madagascar's current account situation in order to ensure the country's economic equilibrium and pave the way for growth.

Impact de la Masse Salariale sur l'Inflation à Madagascar : Une Étude Empirique via un Modèle VAR

Vazo RABEMAHERY — 2025-07-28

En 2023, la masse salariale représente près de 60 % du budget national à Madagascar, soulignant son rôle central dans les politiques budgétaires et leurs effets sur l’inflation, qui s’établit en moyenne à 9,9 %. Son influence sur les équilibres macroéconomiques et le pouvoir d’achat des ménages en fait un enjeu stratégique.

Une masse salariale élevée réduit les marges budgétaires de l’État, limitant les investissements dans des secteurs clés comme l’éducation, la santé et les infrastructures. Par ailleurs, des facteurs structurels tels que la corruption et une gouvernance inefficace compliquent sa gestion, accentuant les tensions budgétaires.

L'augmentation de la masse salariale sans croissance économique proportionnelle exerce des pressions inflationnistes, notamment par la hausse des dépenses de consommation induite par le secteur public. Il est donc crucial d’analyser cette relation afin d’orienter les politiques budgétaires vers un équilibre entre stabilité des prix et développement socio-économique.

Le présent article analyse la relation entre la masse salariale et l’inflation à Madagascar à travers un modèle VAR (Vector Autoregression). Il cherche à comprendre comment une hausse des salaires publics peut générer des pressions inflationnistes et perturber l’équilibre économique, en étudiant les canaux de transmission tels que la consommation, l’investissement et les anticipations des agents économiques.

ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ ПОЧВ АГРОЛАНДШАФТОВ ТОО «БЫСТРУХА» ВОСТОЧНО-КАЗАХСТАНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Козыбаева Фарида Есенкожановна — 2025-07-28

На объекте исследования для обследования почвенного покрова агроландшафтов в Восточно-Казахстанской области были заложены разрезы и описаны морфологические свойства почв. При закладке почвенных разрезов и описании морфологических свойств отмечены на поверхности полей 1 и 2 трещины размеров в 2-5 см, есть и 8 см. Образование глубоких трещин в черноземах под посевами подсолнечника в агроландшафтах ТОО «Быструха» является следствием сочетания природных особенностей почвы и агротехники возделывания влагопоглощающей культуры. Вероятнее всего, образование трещин связано с пересыханием глинистого чернозема в результате дефицита влаги, тяжелого механического состава и, возможно, истощения структуры из-за агротехники. Эти процессы естественны, но при длительном воздействии могут ухудшать водный режим и проницаемость почвы, что важно учитывать в управлении агроландшафтом. Для предупреждения и минимизации этого явления рекомендовано внедрение влагосберегающих и структуросберегающих приемов обработки почвы, усиление органического питания, а также пересмотр севооборота. Таким образом, образование глубоких трещин в черноземах под подсолнечником связано с сильным иссушением почвенного профиля за счёт активного водопотребления культуры, мощной корневой системы и слабого покрова поверхности. В разрезе 3 фиксируется аномально низкая объемная масса (0,54–0,56 г/см³), что может свидетельствовать о рыхлой структуре почвы (возможно, высокое содержание органики или песчаная текстура). Влажность варьируется от 9,63% до 14,4%, без резких аномалий. В остальных разрезах объемная масса составляет 1,3–1,5 г/см³, что характерно для нормальных агроусловий.

THE NEW TRENDS IN ENHANCING EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF PROTON THERAPY: IN VITRO CYTOTOXICITY STUDY

Archil Chirakadze — 2025-07-28

Some of the background of this research was presented in the form of a poster presentation at the scientific conference PTCO61 in Madrid in June 2023. The submitted paper is the next step of the research significantly expanding and deepening the subject and scope of previous research and providing significant progress towards achieving the ultimate goal - the development of highly effective and safe adjuvant cancer treatments that enhance proton and ion therapy. As is known, proton therapy is the most advanced type of particle therapy of malignant neoplasms. Despite its noticeably lower relative biological effectiveness (RBE) in comparison to the C-ion, the latter is much less demanded due to its high cost, very high research intensity and very high requirements for medical and engineering staff. According to PTCOG data its outspread is currently several times lower than of the heavy ion therapy. In our opinion, this could be explained by a much higher cost, very high research intensity and very high requirements for medical and engineering staff in case of ion therapy. The literary data clearly show that the overall spread of hadron therapy has also slowed down drastically: in 2021 there were 107 operating proton therapy facilities, 26 were under construction and only 11 were in the planning stage. At the same time, there were only 13 operating C-ion therapy centers, while 6 were under construction and only 1 was in the planning stage. Therefore, in our opinion significant increase of the biological effectiveness and safety of proton therapy is an acute and urgent need of the current time. One of the most prospective pathways to enhance the efficacy and safety of cancer therapy is the concept of the multi-component whole body treatment of cancer by combining hyperthermia with immunotherapy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery, which was first reported by Y. Yagawa, et al. Independently, the concept of the strongly localized multi-component synergistic treatment of cancer involving nano-based super-paramagnetic liquids and requiring a possibly full concentration of all applied therapeutic effects in the tumor area was developed and reported by A. Chirakadze et al. The advantages of this model compared to the whole body treatment are the sharp reduction in the required total treatment doses and minimization of the harmful effects on healthy tissues and vital systems of patients. The rapid developments of nanotechnologies and the obvious successes of additional methods helped to establish a new approach based on the simultaneous or time-separated synergistic use of combinations of the so-called basic, supporting, adjuvant and alternative methods both in a whole body or strongly localized mode. A revolutionary contribution to the success of the concept was made by adding of boron nanoparticle provided boron-neutron capture and boron-proton capture nuclear reactions which can substantially expand and greatly enhance the effectiveness of the combined modalities developed within the framework of the concept, serving as effective and safe adjuncts to proton therapy. The use of boron-neutron and boron-proton reactions can fundamentally increase the efficiency and reduce many important limitations of proton therapy due to greater efficiency and shorter mean free path in tissues compared to protons; due to the suppression of secondary neutron radiation arising in equipment components and irradiated tissues and, in part, due to the anti-cancer activity of nuclear reaction products (for example, lithium). Vast varieties of nanoparticles have been developed and proposed for the local hyperthermia of cancer during the last decades, but only a few of them correspond to the mandatory requirements of having therapeutic range Curie temperature (T_C=41-43⁰ C), high-rate crystallinity and “strong” magnetic properties, strictly controlled homogeneity and dispersion of the anoparticles, good biocompatibility and harmless decomposition products. Among them are the nickel-copper (Ni-Cu) and silver doped lanthanum manganite (Ag_xLa_1-xMnO₃) nanoparticles. The developed research showed that the materials obtained at lower than usual temperatures using microwave enhanced synthesizes and annealing can be successfully used for local hyperthermia revealing high magnetic properties and . Behavioral toxicity testing of the developed nanoparticles was enhanced by blood oxygen saturation measurements using noninvasive oximetry in white rats. Both of the developed nanomaterials revealed a lower toxicity level than the commercially available Fe₂O₃ and Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, and the ability to maintain a given temperature range with high accuracy (about 0,1-0.3^OC) over a whole area of the tumor.

Шағатай ұлысы тарихындағы ислам факторы

Бисембайұлы Мирас — 2025-07-28

Еуразия кеңістігінде тоғыз жолдың торабында орналасып, түрік-қыпшақ мәдениетінің дамуына сүбелі үлес қосқан Шағатай ұлысының мемлекеттік құрылымындағы саяси өзгерістер мен ислам дінінің ықпалы мақаланың зерттеу пәні болып таңдалды. Шағатай ұлысында ислам дінін таратқан хандардың қызметі мен мемлекеттік институттарда исламның алған рөліне талдау жасалынып, отырықшы өркениеттің қалыптасу себептері сараланды. Тарихи-салыстырмалы әдіс Шағатай ұлысындағы исламдану үдерісін Жошы ұлысы сияқты басқа елдермен салыстыру үшін пайдаланылды. Шағатай ұлысындағы хандардың саяси көзқарастары мен елде қалыптасқан саяси-экономикалық ахуалына салыстыру жасалды. Тақырып мазмұнын жеткілікті деңгейде ашу үшін жүйелілік-құрылымдық талдау қолданылды. Тақырыпқа қатысты барлық мәліметтер жіктеп таңдап алынып, әр мәліметтерді зерделеп талдау мақсаты алға қойылды. Әртүрлі дереккөздерді зерде сүзгісінен өткізіп, жеке мәліметтерді біріктіру үшін синтездеу әдісі, ал уақыт реттілігін тізіп жазу үшін мәселелі-хронологиялық әдіс пайдаланылды.