Understanding Clinicopidemiology, Complications, Treatment, Diagnosis, and Management of Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

In the current scenario, the incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) - cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes - is increasing globally. Diabetes is one of the most common NCD diseases in low- and middle-income countries and the main causes are population aging, economic growth, urbanization, unhealthy dietary habits, and sedentary lifestyles. Complications of diabetes have become a serious public health problem. [1]. For 2,000 years, diabetes has been recognized as a devastating and deadly disease. The first-century Greek physician Aretaeus explained the destructive nature of sadness, named "siphon" from the Greek word "siphon". [2] Clinical features similar to diabetes were described by the ancient Egyptians 3,000 years ago. The term "diabetes" was first coined by Aretaus of Cappadocia (a Greek physician). Then, the word mellitus (Honeysweet) was added after Thomas Willis (England) rediscovered the sweetness of urine and blood in patients (first noted by ancient Indians). Only in 1776 Dobson (England) first confirmed the presence of excess sugar in urine and blood as a cause of diabetes. The history of modern diabetes has coincided with the development of experimental drugs. An important stage in the history of diabetes is the overproduction of glucose. Claude Bernard (France) in 1857. A low-calorie diet prolongs life but leaves them weak and hungry. But in 1921, a Canadian doctor treated a dying diabetic patient with insulin and was able to bring his blood sugar back to normal. Since then, medical advances have continued to extend and improve the lives of people with diabetes. [2] The role of the pancreas in the pathogenesis of diabetes was discovered in 1889 by Mering and Minkowski (Austria). This discovery became the basis for the isolation and clinical use of insulin by Banting and Best (Canada) in 1921. In 1995, the development of an oral hypoglycemic agent was released with the first marketing of tolbutamide and carbetamide [3]. In the 1950s, two types of diabetes were identified: "insulin-sensitive" (type I) and "insulin-insensitive" (type II). [2]

However, none of these features distinguish one form of diabetes from another and do not account for the entire spectrum of diabetes phenotypes. There are several reasons to revisit the classification of diabetes. First, the phenotypes of T1DM and T2DM are different, with obesity increasing at a young age and the incidence of T1DM in adulthood and T2DM occurring in young adults being less different. Second, advances in molecular genetics allow doctors to identify more common forms of diabetes, which in some cases have important implications for treatment options. In addition, increasing knowledge of pathophysiology has led to the development of personal therapy and precision medicine [4].