Prevalence and Incidence of Hospital-Acquired Infections: A Systematic Review of Epidemiological Studies

Abstract

Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), also known as nosocomial infections, are a major concern in healthcare settings worldwide. These infections occur during a patient's stay in a hospital or other healthcare facility and are not present or incubating at the time of admission. HAIs can result in increased morbidity, mortality, prolonged hospital stays, and substantial healthcare costs, posing a significant challenge for healthcare systems globally.

The prevalence and incidence of HAIs vary across different healthcare settings and geographical regions. Understanding the epidemiology of HAIs is crucial for implementing effective prevention and control strategies. This systematic review aims to provide an updated overview of the prevalence and incidence of HAIs based on epidemiological studies published between 2015 and 2021.

HAIs can be caused by a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. These pathogens can be transmitted through various routes, including direct contact, droplets, airborne particles, contaminated surfaces, and medical devices. The risk of HAI acquisition is influenced by multiple factors, including patient characteristics, healthcare-related factors, and environmental factors.

Patient characteristics play a significant role in the development of HAIs. Certain patient populations, such as the elderly, immunocompromised individuals, and those with underlying chronic conditions, are more susceptible to infections. Factors such as age, comorbidities, and the duration of hospitalization can increase the risk of HAI acquisition. Additionally, invasive procedures, indwelling devices (such as urinary catheters and central venous catheters), and prolonged antibiotic use can further contribute to the development of HAIs.